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Pulseaudio Windows 10

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Jun 01, 2018 PulseAudio version 1.1 was available for Windows as of this writing; it's indeed an old version but it works on Windows 10.

Window Subsystem for Linux (WSL) is an optional feature of Windows 10. It enables running unmodified Linux binaries in Windows without creating a virtual machine. It implements a compatibility layer that translates Linux system calls to Windows system calls. Basically, it is like a 'wine' on Windows for Linux executables. Bash on windows audio via pulseaudio. So I recently discovered that there's a windows port of the pulse audio sound driver. Is it possible to use it to get sound from Linux apps? Save hide report. 100% Upvoted. This thread is archived. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast.

PulseAudio should do what you want. There are client and server components for Linux, Mac and Windows. PulseAudio will create a virtual audio device on your Windows machine. All sound coming to that can get routed over the network to your clients. Streaming Audio from Windows to PulseAudio Server. Sep 21, 2008 by Trustin Lee. PulseAudio is a great network audio server for Linux. It allows me to stream audio between machines. However, the biggest problem with PulseAudio is that it doesn't have a descent client implementation for Windows. There are a couple known workarounds such as. Stream audio from Windows to Linux. Tested on Ubuntu 16.04 and Windows 10 Redstone 1. Both boxes need to be on the same network (such that multicast packets can be passed between them) Installing Linux. Setup JACK (easy to do with Cadence) Windows. Install JACK and ASIO Bridge on the Windows box.

How To Use Pulseaudio

I tried to start espeak on my bash on windows. I received some errors regarding pulseaudio and the fact that is not installed. I googled and I found that pulseaudio doesn't work on bash on windows. There is an other way can I try to use audio on my bash on windows? I need audio in order to improve tts system such as festvox. Windows 10 April 2018 Update (1803)was used while preparing this post WSL doesn't currently support sound devices. Hence when you open a GUI desktop or apps in X410, you will not hear anything other than the basic system bells (ex.

PulseAudio
Developer(s)Lennart Poettering
Pierre Ossman
Shahms E. King
Tanu Kaskinen
Colin Guthrie
Arun Raghavan
David Henningsson
Initial release17 July 2004; 15 years ago[1]
Stable release
Repositorygitlab.freedesktop.org/pulseaudio/pulseaudio
Written inC[3]
Operating systemFreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Linux, Illumos, Solaris, macOS, and Microsoft Windows (not maintained)
PlatformARM, PowerPC, x86 / IA-32, x86-64, and MIPS
TypeSound server
LicenseGNU Lesser General Public License 2.1[4]
Websitepulseaudio.org

PulseAudio is a network-capable sound server program distributed via the freedesktop.org project. It runs mainly on Linux, various BSD distributions such as FreeBSD and OpenBSD, macOS, as well as Illumos distributions and the Solarisoperating system. Microsoft Windows was previously supported via the MinGW toolchain (implementation of the GNU toolchain, which includes various tools such as GCC and binutils). The Windows port has not been updated since 2011, however.[5]

PulseAudio is free and open-source software, and is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License. It is licensed under version 2.1 of the aforementioned license.[4]

It was created in 2004 under the name Polypaudio but was renamed in 2006 to PulseAudio.[6]

  • 1Software architecture
  • 3Adoption
  • 4Related software

Software architecture[edit]

PulseAudio operational flow chart
PulseAudio is a daemon that does mixing in software.

PulseAudio acts as a sound server, where a background process accepting sound input from one or more sources (processes, capture devices, etc.) is created. The background process then redirects mentioned sound sources to one or more sinks (sound cards, remote network PulseAudio servers, or other processes).[7]

One of the goals of PulseAudio is to reroute all sound streams through it, including those from processes that attempt to directly access the hardware (like legacy OSS applications). PulseAudio achieves this by providing adapters to applications using other audio systems, like aRts and ESD.

In a typical installation scenario under Linux, the user configures ALSA to use a virtual device provided by PulseAudio. Thus, applications using ALSA will output sound to PulseAudio, which then uses ALSA itself to access the real sound card. PulseAudio also provides its own native interface to applications that want to support PulseAudio directly, as well as a legacy interface for ESD applications, making it suitable as a drop-in replacement for ESD.

For OSS applications, PulseAudio provides the padsp utility, which replaces device files such as /dev/dsp, tricking the applications into believing that they have exclusive control over the sound card. In reality, their output is rerouted through PulseAudio.

Use of Composer on a Windows PC with a touch display - our technical specs article has the details - is not necessary. Your mouse acts like a single finger. There is no limit to the number of experiences you can create with Intuiface Composer. Intuiface Player. Intuiface Player is the tool used to run the experiences you create with Composer. Build gorgeous, highly functional applications for any audience and control them using multi-touch displays, remote gesture devices like Microsoft Kinect and Leap Motion, RFID/NFC tag readers. 1 A data point is created every time an event is logged by a paid Intuiface Player. Free Intuiface Player does not generate data points. Free and paid Intuiface Composer can generate an unlimited number of data points. These Composer-generated data points are not counted against the Free Analytics plan's 1000 data point limit per month. Intuiface is the world's leading digital experience creation platform. Use Intuiface to create interactive presentations, information kiosks, point-of-sale installations, multi touch interfaces and more. Laravel. Install latest version of Composer or Player on Windows. The installers for Intuiface Composer and Player can be found in the Intuiface Installers section of the My Intuiface website. The Intuiface Installers page contains all the available Intuiface products. After downloading Intuiface Player or Composer for Windows, you will have to run the downloaded executable to start the installation.

libcanberra[edit]

libcanberra is an abstract API for desktop event sounds and a total replacement for the 'PulseAudio sample cache API':

  • Complies with the XDG Sound Theme and Naming Specifications.
  • Defines a simple abstract interface for playing event sounds.[8]
  • Interfaces with ALSA through libasound.[9]
  • Has a back-end to PulseAudio.[10]

libSydney[edit]

libSydney is a total replacement for the 'PulseAudio streaming API', and plans have been made for libSydney to eventually become the only audio API used in PulseAudio.[11]

Features[edit]

The main PulseAudio features include:[7]

  • Per-application volume controls.[12]
  • An extensible plugin architecture with support for loadable modules.
  • Compatibility with many popular audio applications.[13]
  • Support for multiple audio sources and sinks.
  • Low latency operation and latency measurement.
  • A zero-copy memory architecture for processor resource efficiency.
  • Ability to discover other computers using PulseAudio on the local network and play sound through their speakers directly.
  • Ability to change which output device applications use to play sound through while they are playing sound (Applications do not need to support this, PulseAudio is capable of doing this without applications detecting that it has happened)
  • A command-line interface with scripting capabilities.
  • A sound daemon with command line reconfiguration capabilities.
  • Built-in sample conversion and resampling capabilities.
  • The ability to combine multiple sound cards into one.
  • The ability to synchronize multiple playback streams.
  • Bluetooth audio device support with dynamic detection capabilities.
  • The ability to enable system wide equalization.

Adoption[edit]

PulseAudio first appeared for regular users in Fedora Linux, starting with version 8,[14] then was adopted by major Linux distributions such as Ubuntu, Debian,[15]Mageia, Mandriva Linux, Linux Mint, openSUSE, and OpenWrt.[16] There is support for PulseAudio in the GNOME project, and also in KDE, as it is integrated into Plasma Workspaces, adding support to Phonon (the KDE multimedia framework) and KMix (the integrated mixer application) as well as a 'Speaker Setup' GUI to aid the configuration of multi-channel speakers. PulseAudio is also available in the Illumos distribution OpenIndiana, and enabled by default in its MATE environment.

Swissphone pager re729 manual 1. Various Linux-based mobile devices, including Nokia N900, Nokia N9 and the Palm Pre[17] use PulseAudio.

Tizen, an open-source mobile operating system, which is a project of the Linux Foundation and is governed by a Technical Steering Group (TSG) composed of Intel and Samsung, uses PulseAudio.

Problems during adoption phase[edit]

Pulseaudio Windows 10
  • The PortAudio API was incompatible with PulseAudio's design and needed to be modified.[18] Almost all packages using OSS and many of the packages using ALSA needed to be modified to support PulseAudio.[19] Further development of the glitch-free audio feature required a complete rewrite of the PulseAudio core, and also changes to the ALSA API and internals were needed.[20][21]
  • When first adopted by distributions, PulseAudio developer Lennart Poettering described it as 'the software that currently breaks your audio'.[22] Poettering later claimed that 'Ubuntu didn't exactly do a stellar job. They didn't do their homework' in adopting PulseAudio[23] for Ubuntu 'Hardy Heron' (8.04), a problem that was improved with subsequent Ubuntu releases.[24] However, in October 2009, Poettering reported that he was still not happy with Ubuntu's integration of PulseAudio.[25]
  • Interaction with old sound components by particular software: Certain programs, such as Adobe Flash for Linux, caused instability in PulseAudio.[26][27] Newer implementations of Flash plugins do not require the conflicting elements, and as a result Flash and PulseAudio are now compatible.
  • Early management of buffer over/underruns: Earlier versions of PulseAudio sometimes started to distort the processed audio due to incorrect handling of buffer over/underruns.[28]

Pulseaudio Windows 10 Versions

Related software[edit]

Windows 10 Sounds

Other sound servers[edit]

JACK is a sound server that provides real-time, low latency (i.e. 5 milliseconds or less) audio performance and, since JACK2, supports efficient load balancing by utilizing symmetric multiprocessing; that is, the load of all audio clients can be distributed among several processors. JACK is the preferred sound server for professional audio applications such as Ardour, ReZound, and LinuxSampler; multiple free audio-production distributions use it as the default audio server.

It is possible for JACK and PulseAudio to coexist: while JACK is running, PulseAudio can automatically connect itself as a JACK client, allowing PulseAudio clients to make and record sound at the same time as JACK clients.[29]

PipeWire is an audio and video server that 'aims to support the usecases currently handled by both PulseAudio and Jack'.[30][31]

General audio infrastructures[edit]

Before JACK and PulseAudio, sound on these systems was managed by multi-purpose integrated audio solutions. These solutions do not fully cover the mixing and sound streaming process, but they are still used by JACK and PulseAudio to send the final audio stream to the sound card.

  • ALSA provides a software mixer called dmix, which was developed prior to PulseAudio. This is available on almost all Linux distributions and is a simpler PCM audio mixing solution. It does not provide the advanced features (such as timer-based scheduling and network audio) of PulseAudio. On the other hand, ALSA offers, when combined with corresponding sound cards and software, low latencies.
  • OSS was the original sound system used in Linux and other Unix operating systems, but was deprecated after the 2.5 Linux kernel.[32] Proprietary development was continued by 4Front Technologies, who in July 2007 released sources for OSS under CDDL for OpenSolaris and under GPL for Linux.[33] The modern implementation, Open Sound System v4, provides software mixing, resampling, and changing of the volume on a per-application basis; in contrast to PulseAudio, these features are implemented within the kernel. PulseAudio support in OpenIndiana and other illumos distributions relies on the in-kernel OSS implementation ('Boomer').

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^'OldNews'. www.freedesktop.org.
  2. ^Kaskinen, Tanu (13 September 2019). 'PulseAudio 13.0'. pulseaudio-discuss (Mailing list). Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  3. ^'PulseAudio', Analysis Summary, Open Hub
  4. ^ ab'License', PulseAudio git, Free desktop, retrieved 16 June 2011
  5. ^'PulseAudio on Windows'
  6. ^The Project Formerly Known as Polypaudio
  7. ^ ab'About', PulseAudio, Free desktop, retrieved 11 March 2013
  8. ^webmaster@debian.org, Debian Webmaster,. 'Debian -- Package Search Results -- libcanberra'. packages.debian.org.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  9. ^webmaster@debian.org, Debian Webmaster,. 'Debian -- Package Search Results -- libasound'. packages.debian.org.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  10. ^webmaster@debian.org, Debian Webmaster,. 'Debian -- Package Search Results -- libcanberra-pulse'. packages.debian.org.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  11. ^Poettering, Lennart (8 February 2007). 'FOMS/LCA Recap'. 0pointer.de. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  12. ^Poettering, Lennart, 'Interviews', Fedora Project, Red Hat, retrieved 3 July 2009
  13. ^Pulse Audio wiki, PulseAudio, archived from the original on 18 October 2009, retrieved 19 July 2009
  14. ^'LPC: Linux audio: it's a mess [LWN.net]'. 18 September 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  15. ^PulseAudio(wiki), Debian, retrieved 9 November 2013
  16. ^PulseAudio(wiki), OpenWRT, retrieved 8 January 2012
  17. ^'Open source identity: PulseAudio creator Lennart Poettering', TechWorld, 8 October 2009
  18. ^Poettering, Lennart (25 September 2004). 'Writing a PortAudio driver'. audio.portaudio.devel. git.net. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  19. ^Poettering, Lennart. 'PulseAudio is now enabled by default on new Fedora installs'. Fedora Development ML. Red Hat. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  20. ^'Features: Glitch-free Audio'. Fedora Project Wiki. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  21. ^Poettering, Lennart. 'Alsa Issues'. PulseAudio - Trac. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  22. ^LPC: Linux audio: it's a mess, LWN, 18 September 2008, archived from the original on 18 October 2009, retrieved 3 July 2009
  23. ^Lennart Poettering (18 July 2008), PulseAudio FUD, 0pointer.de, archived from the original on 18 October 2009, retrieved 30 December 2009
  24. ^How-to: PulseAudio Fixes & System-Wide Equalizer Support, Ubuntu Forums, 10 May 2008, archived from the original on 18 October 2009, retrieved 18 October 2009
  25. ^I'll Break Your Audio, Lennart Poettering Blog, 19 October 2009, retrieved 26 December 2009
  26. ^No sound after running Flash, YouTube, etc. (pulseaudio solution), Ubuntu Forums, archived from the original on 18 October 2009, retrieved 18 October 2009
  27. ^PulseAudio, Ubuntu Wiki, archived from the original on 18 October 2009, retrieved 18 October 2009
  28. ^'Over-optimistic buffering in PulseAudio causes underruns (audible stuttering, pops)'. Launchpad. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  29. ^See 'Loadable Modules.' Modules, Freedesktop.org, https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Documentation/User/Modules/#index9h2, retrieved August 28, 2019
  30. ^'PipeWire'. pipewire.org.
  31. ^'On the Road to Fedora Workstation 31 — Christian F.K. Schaller'.
  32. ^An introduction to Linux sound systems and APIs, Linux.com, 9 August 2004, retrieved 23 March 2013, OSS is available not only for Linux but also for BSD OSes and other Unixes. That may be its only advantage, because this system is not very powerful and was officially replaced by ALSA in 2.5 kernels..
  33. ^4Front technologies releases the source code for open sound system, Linux PR, 14 June 2007, retrieved 8 January 2012.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to PulseAudio.
  • Official website
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PulseAudio&oldid=917404873'
Pulseaudio
  • The PortAudio API was incompatible with PulseAudio's design and needed to be modified.[18] Almost all packages using OSS and many of the packages using ALSA needed to be modified to support PulseAudio.[19] Further development of the glitch-free audio feature required a complete rewrite of the PulseAudio core, and also changes to the ALSA API and internals were needed.[20][21]
  • When first adopted by distributions, PulseAudio developer Lennart Poettering described it as 'the software that currently breaks your audio'.[22] Poettering later claimed that 'Ubuntu didn't exactly do a stellar job. They didn't do their homework' in adopting PulseAudio[23] for Ubuntu 'Hardy Heron' (8.04), a problem that was improved with subsequent Ubuntu releases.[24] However, in October 2009, Poettering reported that he was still not happy with Ubuntu's integration of PulseAudio.[25]
  • Interaction with old sound components by particular software: Certain programs, such as Adobe Flash for Linux, caused instability in PulseAudio.[26][27] Newer implementations of Flash plugins do not require the conflicting elements, and as a result Flash and PulseAudio are now compatible.
  • Early management of buffer over/underruns: Earlier versions of PulseAudio sometimes started to distort the processed audio due to incorrect handling of buffer over/underruns.[28]

Pulseaudio Windows 10 Versions

Related software[edit]

Windows 10 Sounds

Other sound servers[edit]

JACK is a sound server that provides real-time, low latency (i.e. 5 milliseconds or less) audio performance and, since JACK2, supports efficient load balancing by utilizing symmetric multiprocessing; that is, the load of all audio clients can be distributed among several processors. JACK is the preferred sound server for professional audio applications such as Ardour, ReZound, and LinuxSampler; multiple free audio-production distributions use it as the default audio server.

It is possible for JACK and PulseAudio to coexist: while JACK is running, PulseAudio can automatically connect itself as a JACK client, allowing PulseAudio clients to make and record sound at the same time as JACK clients.[29]

PipeWire is an audio and video server that 'aims to support the usecases currently handled by both PulseAudio and Jack'.[30][31]

General audio infrastructures[edit]

Before JACK and PulseAudio, sound on these systems was managed by multi-purpose integrated audio solutions. These solutions do not fully cover the mixing and sound streaming process, but they are still used by JACK and PulseAudio to send the final audio stream to the sound card.

  • ALSA provides a software mixer called dmix, which was developed prior to PulseAudio. This is available on almost all Linux distributions and is a simpler PCM audio mixing solution. It does not provide the advanced features (such as timer-based scheduling and network audio) of PulseAudio. On the other hand, ALSA offers, when combined with corresponding sound cards and software, low latencies.
  • OSS was the original sound system used in Linux and other Unix operating systems, but was deprecated after the 2.5 Linux kernel.[32] Proprietary development was continued by 4Front Technologies, who in July 2007 released sources for OSS under CDDL for OpenSolaris and under GPL for Linux.[33] The modern implementation, Open Sound System v4, provides software mixing, resampling, and changing of the volume on a per-application basis; in contrast to PulseAudio, these features are implemented within the kernel. PulseAudio support in OpenIndiana and other illumos distributions relies on the in-kernel OSS implementation ('Boomer').

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^'OldNews'. www.freedesktop.org.
  2. ^Kaskinen, Tanu (13 September 2019). 'PulseAudio 13.0'. pulseaudio-discuss (Mailing list). Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  3. ^'PulseAudio', Analysis Summary, Open Hub
  4. ^ ab'License', PulseAudio git, Free desktop, retrieved 16 June 2011
  5. ^'PulseAudio on Windows'
  6. ^The Project Formerly Known as Polypaudio
  7. ^ ab'About', PulseAudio, Free desktop, retrieved 11 March 2013
  8. ^webmaster@debian.org, Debian Webmaster,. 'Debian -- Package Search Results -- libcanberra'. packages.debian.org.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  9. ^webmaster@debian.org, Debian Webmaster,. 'Debian -- Package Search Results -- libasound'. packages.debian.org.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  10. ^webmaster@debian.org, Debian Webmaster,. 'Debian -- Package Search Results -- libcanberra-pulse'. packages.debian.org.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  11. ^Poettering, Lennart (8 February 2007). 'FOMS/LCA Recap'. 0pointer.de. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  12. ^Poettering, Lennart, 'Interviews', Fedora Project, Red Hat, retrieved 3 July 2009
  13. ^Pulse Audio wiki, PulseAudio, archived from the original on 18 October 2009, retrieved 19 July 2009
  14. ^'LPC: Linux audio: it's a mess [LWN.net]'. 18 September 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  15. ^PulseAudio(wiki), Debian, retrieved 9 November 2013
  16. ^PulseAudio(wiki), OpenWRT, retrieved 8 January 2012
  17. ^'Open source identity: PulseAudio creator Lennart Poettering', TechWorld, 8 October 2009
  18. ^Poettering, Lennart (25 September 2004). 'Writing a PortAudio driver'. audio.portaudio.devel. git.net. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  19. ^Poettering, Lennart. 'PulseAudio is now enabled by default on new Fedora installs'. Fedora Development ML. Red Hat. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  20. ^'Features: Glitch-free Audio'. Fedora Project Wiki. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  21. ^Poettering, Lennart. 'Alsa Issues'. PulseAudio - Trac. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  22. ^LPC: Linux audio: it's a mess, LWN, 18 September 2008, archived from the original on 18 October 2009, retrieved 3 July 2009
  23. ^Lennart Poettering (18 July 2008), PulseAudio FUD, 0pointer.de, archived from the original on 18 October 2009, retrieved 30 December 2009
  24. ^How-to: PulseAudio Fixes & System-Wide Equalizer Support, Ubuntu Forums, 10 May 2008, archived from the original on 18 October 2009, retrieved 18 October 2009
  25. ^I'll Break Your Audio, Lennart Poettering Blog, 19 October 2009, retrieved 26 December 2009
  26. ^No sound after running Flash, YouTube, etc. (pulseaudio solution), Ubuntu Forums, archived from the original on 18 October 2009, retrieved 18 October 2009
  27. ^PulseAudio, Ubuntu Wiki, archived from the original on 18 October 2009, retrieved 18 October 2009
  28. ^'Over-optimistic buffering in PulseAudio causes underruns (audible stuttering, pops)'. Launchpad. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  29. ^See 'Loadable Modules.' Modules, Freedesktop.org, https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Documentation/User/Modules/#index9h2, retrieved August 28, 2019
  30. ^'PipeWire'. pipewire.org.
  31. ^'On the Road to Fedora Workstation 31 — Christian F.K. Schaller'.
  32. ^An introduction to Linux sound systems and APIs, Linux.com, 9 August 2004, retrieved 23 March 2013, OSS is available not only for Linux but also for BSD OSes and other Unixes. That may be its only advantage, because this system is not very powerful and was officially replaced by ALSA in 2.5 kernels..
  33. ^4Front technologies releases the source code for open sound system, Linux PR, 14 June 2007, retrieved 8 January 2012.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to PulseAudio.
  • Official website
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PulseAudio&oldid=917404873'

When I'm searching something like this on Google all I'm seeing are only pages with keywords [linux, pulseaudio]. I mean ability to configure output stream of one app to be redirected to input stream of another app. So, I decided to ask 'unique' (or maybe not) question here.

Target OS is Windows Server.

By the way, if there is similar and free app for Windows which does the job just like PulseAudio on Linux, please go ahead, recommend it but do not advertise it like an agent.

Also, any video tutorial for this are welcome :)

Next question is off topic but if you have answer that's would be great:Can PulseAudio work (do the same stuff) if Windows Server doesn't have audio card installed?

Thanks forward for any reply!

Pulseaudio Download

EDIT: in another question which someone pointed this as duplicate, there is no information about PulseAudio software. And yes, that's very old. We are close to 2016, I can't believe there is nothing new since 2014 (based on last answer to that question). All I receive in comments - opinions without experience for what I've asked for.

user1724911

1 Answer

Pulseaudio Gui

There's a version of Pulseaudio that is kind of old and apparently doesn't record easily with Windows 10 but I got to playback fine. I was using Docker and routing locally but the process/setup is the same.

I was able to get playback on Windows using pulseaudio.exe.

1] Download pulseaudio for windows: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Ports/Windows/Support/

2] Uncompress and change the config files.

2a] Add the following line to your $INSTALL_DIR/etc/pulse/default.pa:

Where $HOST_IP is your host. Alternately you could use the following which opens the host up to all traffic. There are middle roads here too.

2b] Change $INSTALL_DIR/etc/pulse//etc/pulse/daemon.conf line to read: exit-idle-time = -1

Pulseaudio Equalizer Windows 10

This will keep the daemon open after the last client disconnects.

3) Run pulseaudio.exe

4) In the host's shell:

Wm. PollockWm. Pollock

Windows 10 Update

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged windows-server-2008-r2windows-server-2012pulse-audio or ask your own question.





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